October 26, Retrieved November 29, MLB Advanced Media. on MLB Network". April 6, Retrieved April 22, March 30, July 19, Supreme Court". March 15, USA TODAY. Retrieved October 2, A quick recap of Oliver Luck on radio row. Retrieved February 6, June 12, Legal Sports Report. February 8, Retrieved February 13, Los Angeles Times. February 14, Retrieved December 19, November 12, Retrieved February 8, The Washington Post.

August 1, Retrieved January 19, Identical language exists in the Division II and Division III manuals. The Football Association. Retrieved January 26, World Baseball Softball Confederation. Downloadable from the ICC here. il in Hebrew. Retrieved November 15, The Indian Express. May 26, Archived from the original on January 12, Retrieved June 22, June 19, Retrieved November 7, May 31, Retrieved October 20, Applied Computing and Informatics.

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Cricket Barmy Army Beer wench Beer snake Sledging. Clothing American football uniform Association football kit Baseball uniform Basketball uniform Casquette Casuals fashion Cycling jersey Ice hockey jersey Rally cap Replica uniform. Mathematics Gambling mathematics Mathematics of bookmaking Poker probability. As a result, many investors take advantage of this by using arbitrage to find the difference in price across several markets. Atomic swaps are a mechanism where one cryptocurrency can be exchanged directly for another cryptocurrency, without the need for a trusted third party such as an exchange.

Jordan Kelley, founder of Robocoin , launched the first Bitcoin ATM in the United States on 20 February The kiosk installed in Austin, Texas, is similar to bank ATMs but has scanners to read government-issued identification such as a driver's license or a passport to confirm users' identities.

An initial coin offering ICO is a controversial means of raising funds for a new cryptocurrency venture. An ICO may be used by startups with the intention of avoiding regulation. However, securities regulators in many jurisdictions, including in the U. In an ICO campaign, a percentage of the cryptocurrency usually in the form of "tokens" is sold to early backers of the project in exchange for legal tender or other cryptocurrencies, often Bitcoin or Ether.

According to PricewaterhouseCoopers , four of the 10 biggest proposed initial coin offerings have used Switzerland as a base, where they are frequently registered as non-profit foundations. The Swiss regulatory agency FINMA stated that it would take a "balanced approach" to ICO projects and would allow "legitimate innovators to navigate the regulatory landscape and so launch their projects in a way consistent with national laws protecting investors and the integrity of the financial system.

The market capitalization of a cryptocurrency is calculated by multiplying the price by the number of coins in circulation. Bitcoin's value is largely determined by speculation among other technological limiting factors known as blockchain rewards coded into the architecture technology of Bitcoin itself.

The cryptocurrency market cap follows a trend known as the "halving", which is when the block rewards received from Bitcoin are halved due to technological mandated limited factors instilled into Bitcoin which in turn limits the supply of Bitcoin. As the date reaches near of a halving twice thus far historically the cryptocurrency market cap increases, followed by a downtrend.

By June , cryptocurrency had begun to be offered by some wealth managers in the US for k s. Cryptocurrency prices are much more volatile than established financial assets such as stocks. The falls were attributed to warnings about inflation. By comparison, in the same week, the Nasdaq tech stock index fell 7.

In the longer term, of the 10 leading cryptocurrencies identified by the total value of coins in circulation in January , only four Bitcoin, Ethereum, Cardano and Ripple XRP were still in that position in early There are also centralized databases, outside of blockchains, that store crypto market data.

Compared to the blockchain, databases perform fast as there is no verification process. Four of the most popular cryptocurrency market databases are CoinMarketCap, CoinGecko, BraveNewCoin, and Cryptocompare. According to Alan Feuer of The New York Times , libertarians and anarcho-capitalists were attracted to the philosophical idea behind Bitcoin.

Early Bitcoin supporter Roger Ver said: "At first, almost everyone who got involved did so for philosophical reasons. We saw Bitcoin as a great idea, as a way to separate money from the state. Nigel Dodd argues in The social life of Bitcoin that the essence of the Bitcoin ideology is to remove money from both social and governmental control.

Bitcoin undermines governments and disrupts institutions because Bitcoin is fundamentally humanitarian. David Golumbia says that the ideas influencing Bitcoin advocates emerge from right-wing extremist movements such as the Liberty Lobby and the John Birch Society and their anti-Central Bank rhetoric, or, more recently, Ron Paul and Tea Party -style libertarianism.

Bitcoin's founder, Satoshi Nakamoto has supported the idea that cryptocurrencies go well with libertarianism: "It's very attractive to the libertarian viewpoint if we can explain it properly. According to the European Central Bank , the decentralization of money offered by Bitcoin has its theoretical roots in the Austrian school of economics , especially with Friedrich von Hayek in his book Denationalisation of Money: The Argument Refined , [] in which Hayek advocates a complete free market in the production, distribution and management of money to end the monopoly of central banks.

The rise in the popularity of cryptocurrencies and their adoption by financial institutions has led some governments to assess whether regulation is needed to protect users. The Financial Action Task Force FATF has defined cryptocurrency-related services as "virtual asset service providers" VASPs and recommended that they be regulated with the same money laundering AML and know your customer KYC requirements as financial institutions. In May , the Joint Working Group on interVASP Messaging Standards published "IVMS ", a universal common language for communication of required originator and beneficiary information between VASPs.

The FATF and financial regulators were informed as the data model was developed. In June , FATF updated its guidance to include the "Travel Rule" for cryptocurrencies, a measure which mandates that VASPs obtain, hold, and exchange information about the originators and beneficiaries of virtual asset transfers. As of December , the IVMS data model has yet to be finalized and ratified by the three global standard setting bodies that created it.

The European Commission published a digital finance strategy in September This included a draft regulation on Markets in Crypto-Assets MiCA , which aimed to provide a comprehensive regulatory framework for digital assets in the EU. On 10 June , the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision proposed that banks that held cryptocurrency assets must set aside capital to cover all potential losses. This is a more extreme standard than banks are usually held to when it comes to other assets. However, this is a proposal and not a regulation.

The IMF is seeking a co-ordinated, consistent and comprehensive approach to supervising cryptocurrencies. Tobias Adrian , the IMF's financial counsellor and head of its monetary and capital markets department said in a January interview that "Agreeing global regulations is never quick. But if we start now, we can achieve the goal of maintaining financial stability while also enjoying the benefits which the underlying technological innovations bring," [].

In , 17 states passed laws and resolutions concerning cryptocurrency regulation. Securities and Exchange Commission SEC is considering what steps to take. On 8 July , Senator Elizabeth Warren , part of the Senate Banking Committee , wrote to the chairman of the SEC and demanded that it provide answers on cryptocurrency regulation by 28 July , [] [ needs update ] due to the increase in cryptocurrency exchange use and the danger this poses to consumers.

On 17 February , the Justice department named Eun Young Choi as the first director of a National Cryptocurrency Enforcement Team to aid in identification of and dealing with misuse of cryptocurrencies and other digital assets. In September , China banned ICOs to cause abnormal return from cryptocurrency decreasing during announcement window.

The liquidity changes by banning ICOs in China was temporarily negative while the liquidity effect became positive after news. On 18 May , China banned financial institutions and payment companies from being able to provide cryptocurrency transaction related services. In September , the Chinese government declared all cryptocurrency transactions of any kind illegal, completing its crackdown on cryptocurrency.

In the United Kingdom, as of 10 January , all cryptocurrency firms, such as exchanges, advisors and professionals that have either a presence, market product or provide services within the UK market must register with the Financial Conduct Authority. Additionally, on 27 June , the financial watchdog demanded that Binance , the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange, [] cease all regulated activities in the UK.

South Africa, who has seen a large amount of scams related to cryptocurrency is said to be putting a regulatory timeline in place, that will produce a regulatory framework. In March , South Korea implemented new legislation to strengthen their oversight of digital assets.

This legislation requires all digital asset managers, providers and exchanges to be registered with the Korea Financial Intelligence Unit in order to operate in South Korea. It also requires that the CEO and board members of the exchanges have not been convicted of any crimes and that the exchange holds sufficient levels of deposit insurance to cover losses arising from hacks. On 30 April , the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey banned the use of cryptocurrencies and cryptoassets for making purchases on the grounds that the use of cryptocurrencies for such payments poses significant transaction risks.

On 9 June , El Salvador announced that it will adopt Bitcoin as legal tender, the first country to do so. At present, India neither prohibits nor allows investment in the cryptocurrency market. In , the Supreme Court of India had lifted the ban on cryptocurrency, which was imposed by the Reserve Bank of India. But it is being contemplated that the Indian Parliament will soon pass a specific law to either ban or regulate the cryptocurrency market in India.

He favoured following IMF and FATF guidelines in this regard. The legal status of cryptocurrencies varies substantially from country to country and is still undefined or changing in many of them. At least one study has shown that broad generalizations about the use of Bitcoin in illicit finance are significantly overstated and that blockchain analysis is an effective crime fighting and intelligence gathering tool.

According to the Library of Congress in , an "absolute ban" on trading or using cryptocurrencies applies in eight countries: Algeria, Bolivia, Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Nepal, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates. An "implicit ban" applies in another 15 countries, which include Bahrain, Bangladesh, China, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macau, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Taiwan.

Various government agencies, departments, and courts have classified Bitcoin differently. China Central Bank banned the handling of Bitcoins by financial institutions in China in early In Russia, though owning cryptocurrency is legal, its residents are only allowed to purchase goods from other residents using Russian ruble while nonresidents are allowed to use foreign currency.

In August , the Bank of Thailand announced its plans to create its own cryptocurrency, the Central Bank Digital Currency CBDC. On 25 March , the United States Internal Revenue Service IRS ruled that Bitcoin will be treated as property for tax purposes.

Therefore, virtual currencies are considered commodities subject to capital gains tax. As the popularity and demand for online currencies has increased since the inception of Bitcoin in , [] so have concerns that such an unregulated person to person global economy that cryptocurrencies offer may become a threat to society.

Concerns abound that altcoins may become tools for anonymous web criminals. Cryptocurrency networks display a lack of regulation that has been criticized as enabling criminals who seek to evade taxes and launder money. Money laundering issues are also present in regular bank transfers , however with bank-to-bank wire transfers for instance, the account holder must at least provide a proven identity.

Transactions that occur through the use and exchange of these altcoins are independent from formal banking systems, and therefore can make tax evasion simpler for individuals. Since charting taxable income is based upon what a recipient reports to the revenue service, it becomes extremely difficult to account for transactions made using existing cryptocurrencies, a mode of exchange that is complex and difficult to track.

Systems of anonymity that most cryptocurrencies offer can also serve as a simpler means to launder money. Rather than laundering money through an intricate net of financial actors and offshore bank accounts, laundering money through altcoins can be achieved through anonymous transactions. Cryptocurrency makes legal enforcement against extremist groups more complicated, which consequently strengthens them. In February , the world's largest Bitcoin exchange, Mt.

Gox , declared bankruptcy. Likely due to theft, the company claimed that it had lost nearly , Bitcoins belonging to their clients. Gox blamed hackers, who had exploited the transaction malleability problems in the network. On 19 December , Yapian, the owner of South Korean exchange Youbit, filed for bankruptcy after suffering two hacks that year. In May , Bitcoin Gold had its transactions hijacked and abused by unknown hackers.

On 13 September , Homero Josh Garza was sentenced to 21 months of imprisonment, followed by three years of supervised release. The U. The SEC's complaint stated that Garza, through his companies, had fraudulently sold "investment contracts representing shares in the profits they claimed would be generated" from mining. A EU report found that users had lost crypto-assets worth hundreds of millions of US dollars in security breaches at exchanges and storage providers.

Between and , reported breaches ranged from four to twelve a year. In , more than a billion dollars worth of cryptoassets was reported stolen. Stolen assets "typically find their way to illegal markets and are used to fund further criminal activity".

According to a report produced by the United States Attorney General 's Cyber-Digital Task Force, the following three categories make up the majority of illicit cryptocurrency uses: " 1 financial transactions associated with the commission of crimes; 2 money laundering and the shielding of legitimate activity from tax , reporting, or other legal requirements; or 3 crimes, such as theft, directly implicating the cryptocurrency marketplace itself.

According to the UK national risk assessment—a comprehensive assessment of money laundering and terrorist financing risk in the UK—the risk of using cryptoassets such as Bitcoin for money laundering and terrorism financing is assessed as "medium" from "low" in the previous report.

According to Bloomberg and the New York Times, Federation Tower, a two skyscraper complex in the heart of Moscow City, is home to many cryptocurrency businesses under suspicion of facilitated extensive money laundering, including accepting illicit cryptocurrency funds obtained through scams, darknet markets, and ransomware.

in Properties of cryptocurrencies gave them popularity in applications such as a safe haven in banking crises and means of payment, which also led to the cryptocurrency use in controversial settings in the form of online black markets , such as Silk Road. In the year following the initial shutdown of Silk Road, the number of prominent dark markets increased from four to twelve, while the amount of drug listings increased from 18, to 32, Darknet markets present challenges in regard to legality.

Cryptocurrency used in dark markets are not clearly or legally classified in almost all parts of the world. In the U. Various studies have found that crypto-trading is rife with wash trading. Wash trading is a process, illegal in some jurisdictions, involving buyers and sellers being the same person or group, and may be used to manipulate the price of a cryptocurrency or inflate volume artificially. Exchanges with higher volumes can demand higher premiums from token issuers.

In , cryptocurrencies attracted attention when Western nations imposed severe economic sanctions on Russia in the aftermath of its invasion of Ukraine in February. However, American sources warned in March that some crypto-transactions could potentially be used to evade economic sanctions against Russia and Belarus. In April , the computer programmer Virgil Griffith received a five-year prison sentence in the US for attending a Pyongyang cryptocurrency conference, where he gave a presentation on blockchains which might be used for sanctions evasion.

The Bank for International Settlements summarized several criticisms of cryptocurrencies in Chapter V of their annual report.

The criticisms include the lack of stability in their price, the high energy consumption, high and variable transactions costs, the poor security and fraud at cryptocurrency exchanges, vulnerability to debasement from forking , and the influence of miners.

Cryptocurrencies have been compared to Ponzi schemes , pyramid schemes [] and economic bubbles , [] such as housing market bubbles. Regulators in several countries have warned against cryptocurrency and some have taken measures to dissuade users. Many banks do not offer virtual currency services themselves and can refuse to do business with virtual currency companies.

One of the features cryptocurrency lacks in comparison to credit cards, for example, is consumer protection against fraud, such as chargebacks. The French regulator Autorité des marchés financiers AMF lists 16 websites of companies that solicit investment in cryptocurrency without being authorized to do so in France.

An October paper by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that Bitcoin suffers from systemic risk as the top 10, addresses control about one-third of all Bitcoin in circulation. A paper by John Griffin, a finance professor at the University of Texas , and Amin Shams, a graduate student found that in the price of Bitcoin had been substantially inflated using another cryptocurrency, Tether. Non-fungible tokens NFTs are digital assets that represent art, collectibles, gaming, etc.

Like crypto, their data is stored on the blockchain. NFTs are bought and traded using cryptocurrency. The Ethereum blockchain was the first place where NFTs were implemented, but now many other blockchains have created their own versions of NFTs.

The popularity of NFTs has increased since As the first big Wall Street bank to embrace cryptocurrencies, Morgan Stanley announced on 17 March that they will be offering access to Bitcoin funds for their wealthy clients through three funds which enable Bitcoin ownership for investors with an aggressive risk tolerance. On 20 April , [] Venmo added support to its platform to enable customers to buy, hold and sell cryptocurrencies.

In October , financial services company Mastercard announced it is working with digital asset manager Bakkt on a platform that would allow any bank or merchant on the Mastercard network to offer cryptocurrency services. Mining for proof-of-work cryptocurrencies requires enormous amounts of electricity and consequently comes with a large carbon footprint due to causing greenhouse gas emissions. Critics have also identified a large electronic waste problem in disposing of mining rigs. Bitcoin is the least energy-efficient cryptocurrency, using The world's second-largest cryptocurrency, Ethereum, uses Although the biggest PoW blockchains consume energy on the scale of medium-sized countries, the annual power demand from proof-of-stake PoS blockchains is on a scale equivalent to a housing estate.

The Times identified six "environmentally friendly" cryptocurrencies: Chia , IOTA , Cardano , Nano , Solarcoin and Bitgreen. A study of the six largest proof-of-stake networks in May concluded:. This equates to Polkadot consuming 7 times the electricity of an average U.

home, Cardano 57 homes and Solana times as much. The research concluded that PoS networks consumed 0. Variable renewable energy power stations could invest in Bitcoin mining to reduce curtailment , hedge electricity price risk , stabilize the grid, increase the profitability of renewable energy power stations and therefore accelerate transition to sustainable energy.

There are also purely technical elements to consider. For example, technological advancement in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin result in high up-front costs to miners in the form of specialized hardware and software.

Additionally, cryptocurrency private keys can be permanently lost from local storage due to malware, data loss or the destruction of the physical media. This precludes the cryptocurrency from being spent, resulting in its effective removal from the markets. In September , the establishment of the peer-reviewed academic journal Ledger ISSN was announced.

It covers studies of cryptocurrencies and related technologies, and is published by the University of Pittsburgh.

The journal encourages authors to digitally sign a file hash of submitted papers, which will then be timestamped into the Bitcoin blockchain. Authors are also asked to include a personal Bitcoin address in the first page of their papers.

A number of aid agencies have started accepting donations in cryptocurrencies, including UNICEF. However, in , there was a backlash against donations in Bitcoin because of the environmental emissions it caused.

Some agencies stopped accepting Bitcoin and others turned to "greener" cryptocurrencies. arm of Greenpeace stopped accepting bitcoin donations after seven years.

It said: "As the amount of energy needed to run Bitcoin became clearer, this policy became no longer tenable. Bitcoin has been characterized as a speculative bubble by eight winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences : Paul Krugman , [] Robert J. Shiller , [] Joseph Stiglitz , [] Richard Thaler , [] James Heckman , [] Thomas Sargent , [] Angus Deaton , [] and Oliver Hart ; [] and by central bank officials including Alan Greenspan , [] Agustín Carstens , [] Vítor Constâncio , [] and Nout Wellink.

The investors Warren Buffett and George Soros have respectively characterized it as a "mirage" [] and a "bubble"; [] while the business executives Jack Ma and J. Morgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon have called it a "bubble" [] and a "fraud", [] respectively, although Jamie Dimon later said he regretted dubbing Bitcoin a fraud. Fink called Bitcoin an "index of money laundering ". In , an increase in crypto-related suicides was noticed after the cryptocurrency market crashed in August.

The situation was particularly critical in Korea as crypto traders were on "suicide watch". A cryptocurrency forum on Reddit even started providing suicide prevention support to affected investors. The May collapse of the Luna currency operated by Terra also led to reports of suicidal investors in crypto-related subreddits. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Encrypted medium of digital exchange.

Not to be confused with Virtual currency. See also: History of bitcoin. Further information: List of cryptocurrencies. This section duplicates the scope of other articles , specifically Blockchain. Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia's Manual of Style by replacing the section with a link and a summary of the repeated material or by spinning off the repeated text into an article in its own right. August Main article: Blockchain. Main article: Cryptocurrency wallet.

Main article: Privacy and blockchain. Main article: Cryptocurrency exchange. See also: Crypto-anarchism and Cypherpunk. Main article: Legality of cryptocurrency by country or territory. Main article: Cryptocurrency and crime.

See also: Cryptocurrency and crime. Main article: Darknet market. See also: Cryptocurrency bubble , Cryptocurrency and crime , and Criminal activity on Bitcoin's network. Main article: Environmental impact of cryptocurrencies.

See also: Bitcoin § Environmental impact. Main article: Ledger journal. Bitcoin: And the Future of Money. Triumph Books. ISBN Archived from the original on 21 January Retrieved 20 January doi : ISSN X. The New York Times. Retrieved 16 September Archived from the original on 31 August Retrieved 8 August Retrieved 3 May Internet Policy Review. ISSN BBC News. Retrieved 25 January A commodity?

Bitcoin has an identity crisis". Yes and No". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 12 September Retrieved 15 September Archived from the original on 26 October SSRN Electronic Journal. The irony of Sony making deals like this one while fretting about COD's future on PlayStation probably isn't lost on Microsoft's lawyers, which is no doubt part of why they brought it up to the CMA.

While it's absolutely reasonable to worry about a world in which more and more properties are concentrated in the hands of singular, giant megacorps, it does look a bit odd if you're complaining about losing access to games while stopping them from joining competing services. We'll find out if the CMA agrees when it completes its in-depth, "Phase 2" investigation opens in new tab into the Activision Blizzard acquisition, which is some way off yet.

For now, we'll have to content ourselves with poring over these kinds of corporate submissions for more interesting tidbits like this one. So far, we've already learned that Microsoft privately has a gloomy forecast for the future of cloud gaming opens in new tab , and that the company thinks Sony shouldn't worry so much since, hey, future COD games might be as underwhelming as Vanguard opens in new tab.

Who knows what we'll learn next? Sign up to get the best content of the week, and great gaming deals, as picked by the editors. One of Josh's first memories is of playing Quake 2 on the family computer when he was much too young to be doing that, and he's been irreparably game-brained ever since. His writing has been featured in Vice, Fanbyte, and the Financial Times. He'll play pretty much anything, and has written far too much on everything from visual novels to Assassin's Creed.

A footnote in Microsoft's submission opens in new tab to the UK's Competition and Markets Authority CMA has let slip the reason behind Call of Duty's absence from the Xbox Game Pass library: Sony and Activision Blizzard have a deal that restricts the games' presence on the service. The footnote appears in a section detailing the potential benefits to consumers from Microsoft's point of view of the Activision Blizzard catalogue coming to Game Pass.

What existing contractual obligations are those? Why, ones like the "agreement between Activision Blizzard and Sony," that places "restrictions on the ability of Activision Blizzard to place COD titles on Game Pass for a number of years".

It was apparently these kinds of agreements that Xbox's Phil Spencer had in mind opens in new tab when he spoke to Sony bosses in January and confirmed Microsoft's "intent to honor all existing agreements upon acquisition of Activision Blizzard". Unfortunately, the footnote ends there, so there's not much in the way of detail about what these restrictions are or how long they'd remain in effect in a potential post-acquisition world.

Given COD's continued non-appearance on Game Pass, you've got to imagine the restrictions are fairly significant if they're not an outright block on COD coming to the service. Either way, the simple fact that Microsoft is apparently willing to maintain any restrictions on its own ability to put first-party games on Game Pass is rather remarkable, given that making Game Pass more appealing is one of the reasons for its acquisition spree.

The irony of Sony making deals like this one while fretting about COD's future on PlayStation probably isn't lost on Microsoft's lawyers, which is no doubt part of why they brought it up to the CMA. While it's absolutely reasonable to worry about a world in which more and more properties are concentrated in the hands of singular, giant megacorps, it does look a bit odd if you're complaining about losing access to games while stopping them from joining competing services.

We'll find out if the CMA agrees when it completes its in-depth, "Phase 2" investigation opens in new tab into the Activision Blizzard acquisition, which is some way off yet. For now, we'll have to content ourselves with poring over these kinds of corporate submissions for more interesting tidbits like this one. So far, we've already learned that Microsoft privately has a gloomy forecast for the future of cloud gaming opens in new tab , and that the company thinks Sony shouldn't worry so much since, hey, future COD games might be as underwhelming as Vanguard opens in new tab.

Who knows what we'll learn next? Sign up to get the best content of the week, and great gaming deals, as picked by the editors. One of Josh's first memories is of playing Quake 2 on the family computer when he was much too young to be doing that, and he's been irreparably game-brained ever since. His writing has been featured in Vice, Fanbyte, and the Financial Times. He'll play pretty much anything, and has written far too much on everything from visual novels to Assassin's Creed.

His most profound loves are for CRPGs, immersive sims, and any game whose ambition outstrips its budget. He thinks you're all far too mean about Deus Ex: Invisible War. Open menu Close menu PC Gamer PC Gamer THE GLOBAL AUTHORITY ON PC GAMES. opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab.

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Archived from the original on 10 January On 17 February , the Justice department named Eun Young Choi as the first director of a National Cryptocurrency Enforcement Team to aid in identification of and dealing with misuse of cryptocurrencies and other digital assets. Sports betting can also extend to non-athletic events, such as reality show contests and political elections, and non-human contests such as horse racing , greyhound racing , and cockfighting. Retrieved 5 March Mexico United States Canada Quebec Ontario BC Western Canada Atlantic Canada.

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